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Pangasius

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Pangasius)
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Distribution
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Information


Author: Maria Filipa Castanheira
Version: B | 1.1 (2022-12-22)


Reviewers: Pablo Arechavala-Lopez, Jenny Volstorf
Editor: Billo Heinzpeter Studer

Initial release: 2017-06-10
Version information:
  • Appearance: B
  • Last minor update: 2022-12-22

Cite as: »Castanheira, Maria Filipa. 2022. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (WelfareCheck | farm). In: fair-fish database, ed. fair-fish. World Wide Web electronic publication. First published 2017-06-10. Version B | 1.1. https://fair-fish-database.net.«





WelfareScore | farm

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
LiPoCe
Criteria
Home range
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Depth range
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Migration
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Reproduction
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Aggregation
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Aggression
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Substrate
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Stress
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Malformations
score-li
score-po
score-ce
Slaughter
score-li
score-po
score-ce


Legend

Condensed assessment of the species' likelihood and potential for good fish welfare in aquaculture, based on ethological findings for 10 crucial criteria.

  • Li = Likelihood that the individuals of the species experience good welfare under minimal farming conditions
  • Po = Potential of the individuals of the species to experience good welfare under high-standard farming conditions
  • Ce = Certainty of our findings in Likelihood and Potential

WelfareScore = Sum of criteria scoring "High" (max. 10)

score-legend
High
score-legend
Medium
score-legend
Low
score-legend
Unclear
score-legend
No findings



General remarks

Over the last ten years the Pangasianodon hypophthalmus has emerged as a new aquaculture whitefish product on the world market. The rapid and dramatic increase in production of the species was essentially due to the development of hormone spawning techniques which have led to mass production capabilities. The few findings available show that P. hypophthalmus tolerate high intensive culture conditions in floating cages, ponds or net pens and reach 1 kg harvest size of within 8-10 months. Nowadays, the semi-intensive conditions represent 56.7%, and the intensive conditions represent 36.7% of total cages. Further research is needed under all 10 reported criteria on both natural behaviour and physiological effects of farming practices in order to provide recommendations for improving fish welfare.    




1  Home range

Many species traverse in a limited horizontal space (even if just for a certain period of time per year); the home range may be described as a species' understanding of its environment (i.e., its cognitive map) for the most important resources it needs access to.

What is the probability of providing the species' whole home range in captivity?

It is unclear for minimal farming conditions. It is medium for high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a medium amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

LARVAE: WILDno data found yetFARM: hatcheries: 0.2-15 ha, ponds: 0.05-10 ha 1.

JUVENILES: WILD: 0.2-15 km 2. FARM: extensive conditions: <288 m3 3; semi-intensive conditions: 288-720 m3 3; intensive conditions: >720 m3 3.

ADULTS JUVENILES.

SPAWNERS: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: spawning ponds: 0.02-3.0 ha 1.




2  Depth range

Given the availability of resources (food, shelter) or the need to avoid predators, species spend their time within a certain depth range.

What is the probability of providing the species' whole depth range in captivity?

It is unclear for minimal and high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a low amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

Eggs and LARVAE: WILD and FARM: no data found yet.

JUVENILES: WILDno data found yet. FARM: intensive conditions: 3.6-4 m 3.

ADULTSWILDno data found yet. FARM:  JUVENILES.

SPAWNERS: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: spawning ponds: 2-2.5 m 1.




3  Migration

Some species undergo seasonal changes of environments for different purposes (feeding, spawning, etc.), and to move there, they migrate for more or less extensive distances.

What is the probability of providing farming conditions that are compatible with the migrating or habitat-changing behaviour of the species?

It is unclear for minimal farming conditions. It is medium for high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a medium amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

POTAMODROMOUS 4.

LARVAE: WILD: drift downstream with the water current 3FARM: fresh water 3For details of holding systems  crit. 1 and 2.

JUVENILES: WILD: seasonal variation in the distribution: move upstream October-February and return to the main stream June-August 3. FARM: fresh water 3. Stressed by salinities >10 g/L 5For details of holding systems  crit. 1 and 2.

ADULTSWILD:  JUVENILES. FARM:  LARVAE.

SPAWNERS: WILD: spawn upstream at the beginning of the rainy season (June-August) 3. FARM:  LARVAE.




4  Reproduction

A species reproduces at a certain age, season, and sex ratio and possibly involving courtship rituals.

What is the probability of the species reproducing naturally in captivity without manipulation of theses circumstances?

It is low for minimal farming conditions. It is medium for high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a low amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

WILD: no data found yet. FARM: hormonal injection to induce ovulation and spermiation, eggs and milt are manually extracted by stripping 6 3 1.




5  Aggregation

Species differ in the way they co-exist with conspecifics or other species from being solitary to aggregating unstructured, casually roaming in shoals or closely coordinating in schools of varying densities.

What is the probability of providing farming conditions that are compatible with the aggregation behaviour of the species?

It is unclear for minimal and high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a low amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

LARVAE: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: 400-500 IND/m2 till yolk sac absorption 4.

FRY: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: at 0.3-1 g: 400-500 IND/m2, at 14-20 g: 150-200 IND/m2 4.

JUVENILES: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: ponds: 40-60 IND/m2 (yields reach 250-300 tonnes/ha/crop), net cages: 100-150 IND/m3 (yields reach 100-120 kg/m3/crop), net pens: 40-60 IND/m2 (yields reach 300-350 tonnes/ha/crop) 4.

ADULTSWILD: no data found yet. FARM:  JUVENILES.

SPAWNERS: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: 2-3 kg/m2 1.




6  Aggression

There is a range of adverse reactions in species, spanning from being relatively indifferent towards others to defending valuable resources (e.g., food, territory, mates) to actively attacking opponents.

What is the probability of the species being non-aggressive and non-territorial in captivity?

It is unclear for minimal and high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a low amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

LARVAE: FARM: cannibalistic 7 8 9LAB: cannibalistic 10.

JUVENILES: FARM: no data found yet.

ADULTS: FARM: no data found yet.

SPAWNERS: FARM: no data found yet.




7  Substrate

Depending on where in the water column the species lives, it differs in interacting with or relying on various substrates for feeding or covering purposes (e.g., plants, rocks and stones, sand and mud).

What is the probability of providing the species' substrate and shelter needs in captivity?

It is unclear for minimal farming conditions. It is medium for high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a low amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

Eggs: WILD: stick to the vegetation or other types of substrate 3 4. FARM: for details of holding systems   crit. 1 and 2.

LARVAE: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: Eggs.

JUVENILES: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: Eggs.

ADULTSWILD: no data found yet. FARM: Eggs.

SPAWNERS: WILD: no data found yet. FARM: Eggs.




8  Stress

Farming involves subjecting the species to diverse procedures (e.g., handling, air exposure, short-term confinement, short-term crowding, transport), sudden parameter changes or repeated disturbances (e.g., husbandry, size-grading).

What is the probability of the species not being stressed?

It is unclear for minimal farming conditions. It is medium for high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a low amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

LARVAE: no data found yet.

JUVENILES: stressed by transport 11. For stress and salinity crit. 3.

ADULTS: no data found yet.

SPAWNERS: no data found yet.




9  Malformations

Deformities that – in contrast to diseases – are commonly irreversible may indicate sub-optimal rearing conditions (e.g., mechanical stress during hatching and rearing, environmental factors unless mentioned in crit. 3, aquatic pollutants, nutritional deficiencies) or a general incompatibility of the species with being farmed.

What is the probability of the species being malformed rarely?

There are no findings for minimal and high-standard farming conditions.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

Eggs and LARVAE: no data found yet.

JUVENILES: no data found yet.

ADULTS: no data found yet.




10  Slaughter

The cornerstone for a humane treatment is that slaughter a) immediately follows stunning (i.e., while the individual is unconscious), b) happens according to a clear and reproducible set of instructions verified under farming conditions, and c) avoids pain, suffering, and distress.

What is the probability of the species being slaughtered according to a humane slaughter protocol?

It is low for minimal farming conditions. It is medium for high-standard farming conditions. Our conclusion is based on a low amount of evidence.

Likelihoodscore-li
Potentialscore-po
Certaintyscore-ce

Common slaughter method: asphyxia 12 4. High-standard slaughter method: no data found yet.




Side note: Domestication

Teletchea and Fontaine introduced 5 domestication levels illustrating how far species are from having their life cycle closed in captivity without wild input, how long they have been reared in captivity, and whether breeding programmes are in place.

What is the species’ domestication level?

DOMESTICATION LEVEL 3 13, level 5 being fully domesticated. Cultured since 1960 3.




Side note: Forage fish in the feed

450-1,000 milliard wild-caught fishes end up being processed into fish meal and fish oil each year which contributes to overfishing and represents enormous suffering. There is a broad range of feeding types within species reared in captivity.

To what degree may fish meal and fish oil based on forage fish be replaced by non-forage fishery components (e.g., poultry blood meal) or sustainable sources (e.g., soybean cake)?

WILD: omnivorous 14 4. FARM: for JUVENILES, fish meal and fish oil may be mostly* replaced 15 16 17, but no data found yet for LARVAE and ADULTS.

*partly = <51% – mostly = 51-99% – completely = 100%




Glossary


ADULTS = mature individuals
DOMESTICATION LEVEL 3 = entire life cycle closed in captivity with wild inputs 13
FARM = setting in farming environment or under conditions simulating farming environment in terms of size of facility or number of individuals
FRY = larvae from external feeding on
IND = individuals
JUVENILES = fully developed but immature individuals
LAB = setting in laboratory environment
LARVAE = hatching to mouth opening
POTAMODROMOUS = migrating within fresh water
SPAWNERS = adults during the spawning season; in farms: adults that are kept as broodstock
WILD = setting in the wild



Bibliography


1 Nguyen, T.P., V.H. Nguyen, M.T. Bui, T.L. Phan, M.S. Vo, N. Nguyen, N.L. Duong, N.T.T. Thuy, J.G. Geoff, and A.I. Brett. 2011. Better Management Practices for Striped (Tra) Catfish Farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
2 Aida, S.N., and A.D. Utomo. 2015. Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) (Sauvage, 1878) movement and growth in Gajah Mungkur reservoir, Central Java 21: 27–38.
3 De Silva, Sena S., and F. Brian Davy. 2010. Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture. Springer.
4 Griffiths, D., P. Van Khanh, and T. Q. Trong. 2010. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Pangasius hypophthalmus. Rome: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
5 Nguyen, Phuc Trong Hong, Huong Thi Thanh Do, Peter B. Mather, and David A. Hurwood. 2014. Experimental assessment of the effects of sublethal salinities on growth performance and stress in cultured tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 40: 1839–1848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-9972-1.
6 Legendre, M., J. Slembrouck, J. Subagja, and A.H. Kristanto. 2000. Ovulation rate, latency period and ova viability after GnRH - or hCG - induced breeding in the Asian catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus (Siluriformes, Pangasiidae) 13: 145–151.
7 Subagja, Jojo, Jacques Slembrouck, Le Thanh Hung, and Marc Legendre. 1999. Larval rearing of an Asian catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus (Siluroidei, Pangasiidae): Analysis of precocious mortality and proposition of appropriate treatments. Aquatic Living Resources 12: 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(99)80013-8.
8 Slembrouck, J., E. Baras, J. Subagja, L. T. Hung, and M. Legendre. 2009. Survival, growth and food conversion of cultured larvae of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, depending on feeding level, prey density and fish density. Aquaculture 294: 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.038.
9 Baras, E., J. Slembrouck, C. Cochet, D. Caruso, and M. Legendre. 2010. Morphological factors behind the early mortality of cultured larvae of the Asian catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquaculture 298: 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.005.
10 Morioka, Shinsuke, Kosuke Sano, Phoutsamone Phommachan, and Bounsong Vongvichith. 2010. Growth and morphological development of laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Ichthyological Research 57: 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-009-0140-z.
11 Bui, Tam M., N. Thanh Phuong, Gia Hien Nguyen, and Sena S. De Silva. 2013. Fry and fingerling transportation in the striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, farming sector, Mekong Delta, Vietnam: A pivotal link in the production chain. Aquaculture 388–391: 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.01.007.
12 Sørensen, Nils Kristian. 2005. Slaughtering processes for farmed Pangasius in Vietnam. 12. Fiskeriforskning. Tromsø, Norway: Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research.
13 Teletchea, Fabrice, and Pascal Fontaine. 2012. Levels of domestication in fish: implications for the sustainable future of aquaculture. Fish and Fisheries 15: 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12006.
14 Orban, Elena, Teresina Nevigato, Gabriella Di Lena, Maurizio Masci, Irene Casini, Loretta Gambelli, and Roberto Caproni. 2008. New trends in the seafood market. Sutchi catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fillets from Vietnam: Nutritional quality and safety aspects. Food Chemistry 110: 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.014.
15 Asdari, R., M. Aliyu-Paiko, R. Hashim, and S. Ramachandran. 2011. Effects of different dietary lipid sources in the diet for Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) juvenile on growth performance, nutrient utilization, body indices and muscle and liver fatty acid composition. Aquaculture Nutrition 17: 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00705.x.
16 Da, Chau T, Le T Hung, Håkan Berg, Jan E Lindberg, and Torbjörn Lundh. 2013. Evaluation of potential feed sources, and technical and economic considerations of small-scale commercial striped catfish (Pangasius hypothalamus) pond farming systems in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Aquaculture Research 44: 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03048.x.
17 Da, Chau Thi, Torbjörn Lundh, and Jan Erik Lindberg. 2012. Evaluation of local feed resources as alternatives to fish meal in terms of growth performance, feed utilisation and biological indices of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings. Aquaculture 364–365: 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.010.


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