Sparus aurata

FishEthoScore

Li0  ❘  Po1  ❘  Ce3

Likelihood

Potential

Certainty

The very low FishEthoScore of Sparus aurata is mainly due to the home range needs, high levels of aggression, needs of substrate, stress under farming conditions, high levels of deformations, absence of humane slaughter protocol and dependence on fish in the diet. Extensive farming providing substrate could be a remediation for some of the problems and help improve fish welfare. Individual farming strategies with mandatory protocols including continuous monitoring are a major stepping stone towards preventing poor welfare and improving the sustainable production of this species. Further research is needed on current farming conditions as well as aggregation and aggression behaviour in the wild and in farms.